XRay of Heart

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Describing skin lesions

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Describing lesions  Site, Distribution and symmetry Type of lesion Size Shape - edges, well demarcated? regular/irregular shape? Surface -color and texture, scaly vs non-scaly (epidermis lesions are scaly) Special features - fluid filled?, mobility, temperature/inflammation, other features.
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Common abdominal incisions

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1. Kocher’s incision/ Right subcostal -  Cholecystectomy 2. Transverse 3. Lanz (at McBurney’s point) 4. Mcburney’s incision - appendicectomy 5. Full midline laparotomy - most major abdominal surgery, trauma, aortic surgery. 5a. Upper midline – gastric surgery, duodenal surgery, cholecystectomy. 5b. Lower midline – colon surgery, gynaecological surgery. 6. Paramedian 7. Pfannensteil/suprapubic – gynaecological surgery, Caesarean sections 8. Loin/oblique – nephrectomy 9. Laparoscopic ports – laparoscopic procedures eg. Cholecystectomy, appendectomy, gynaecological surgery and urological surgery. 10. Inguinal/hockey stick – Inguinal hernia, renal transplant. (not shown, usually on RIF) References:  http://chestofbooks.com/health/anatomy/Human-Body-Construction/Abdominal-Incisions.html#.UtV5xGRdWyU http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?system/abdomen/incisions.htm~right http://www.fastbleep.com/me...
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Pleural effusion

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Definition Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the pleural space between the visceral pleura surounding the lungs and the parietal pleural attatched to the throacic wall. Demographics Pleural effusions are relatively common, but it is a manifestation of other underlying diseases. The prevalence and incidence of pleural effusions is therefore dependent on it's cause. Pathophysiology/causes Pleural fluid is usually filtered from the parietal pleura into the pleural space, due to hydrostatic pressure from the capillaries, negative pressure in the pleural space and pleural oncotic pressure. The visceral pleura is perfused by the pulmonary system which has a lower pressure, and fluid in the pleural space is therefore drawn back in through the visceral pleura due to the higher oncotic pressure in plasma. Some of this fluid is then drained by the lymphatic system.
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