HIV replication and drug targets

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Pleural effusion

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Definition Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the pleural space between the visceral pleura surounding the lungs and the parietal pleural attatched to the throacic wall. Demographics Pleural effusions are relatively common, but it is a manifestation of other underlying diseases. The prevalence and incidence of pleural effusions is therefore dependent on it's cause. Pathophysiology/causes Pleural fluid is usually filtered from the parietal pleura into the pleural space, due to hydrostatic pressure from the capillaries, negative pressure in the pleural space and pleural oncotic pressure. The visceral pleura is perfused by the pulmonary system which has a lower pressure, and fluid in the pleural space is therefore drawn back in through the visceral pleura due to the higher oncotic pressure in plasma. Some of this fluid is then drained by the lymphatic system.
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Adults)

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Definition : A major life threatening metabolic condition occurring in diabetic patients leading to hyperglycaemia , ketoacidosis , dehydration and ketonuria . Pathophysiology:  The lack of insulin primarily leads to hyperglycaemia and ketonaemia:  Insulin insufficiency leads to reduced uptake of glucose into cells and increased blood concentration of glucose.  As glucose are not taken into cells, alternative sources of energy are used.  Most cells break down fatty acids instead of glucose which forms ketones. Ketone levels therefore reflects the glucose deficit in cells.  Lack of insulin also leads to an increase in opposing hormones which lead to increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. 
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Describing skin lesions

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Describing lesions  Site, Distribution and symmetry Type of lesion Size Shape - edges, well demarcated? regular/irregular shape? Surface -color and texture, scaly vs non-scaly (epidermis lesions are scaly) Special features - fluid filled?, mobility, temperature/inflammation, other features.
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